Egypt: Official survey of space under the Sphing by Japanese scientists 1. part

1 11. 09. 2023
6th international conference of exopolitics, history and spirituality

From January 22, 1987 to February 9, 1987, the Waseda University Pyramid research mission conducted research around the Giza Pyramid near Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, using an underground radar system using electromagnetic waves. The main subject of this research was an undiscovered space or cavity inside the Great Pyramid. This was done in collaboration with the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (EAO) and a French research team that has been researching the pyramids since 986.

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Fortunately, we can report good results and we can issue this report as a courtesy of our friends at the EAO led by Dr. Ahmed Kadry, Chairman, and Dr. Gamal El-Din Mokhtar, former chairman. We are also grateful for the support of the Egyptian people who, after twenty years, saluted the Waseda Egyptian Archaeological Mission warmly, the Waseda University Mission wanted to express our deepest gratitude.

The Waseda University was given the task of carrying out this research, which was the first step towards the introduction of modern archeology technologies. It was a long time for our archaeologists to explore at a designated site before the excavation. This system can maintain a natural environment as it is and can be applied to explore sites that are buried in older layers.

The Waseda University mission has been doing research for more than twenty years, and all the while it has met with the kind understanding and cooperation of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization. This discovery would not have been possible without their help, and I would like to express my deepest appreciation to them.

During my visit to Egypt in 1984, I witnessed the majesty of Egyptian culture through the many monuments along the Nile. With this success in the pyramid as a springboard, I hope that Waseda University can contribute even more to Egyptology. I look forward to sharing the fruits of these efforts.

Haruo Nishihara, LL.D,
President, Waseda University

I. BACKGROUND AND PROCESS

Sakuji Yoshimura

(1) Background

In 1986, when we heard a French research team report that found new cavities in the pyramid using microgravimetry techniques, we, Waseda University, already plan to clarify the internal structure of the pyramid by means of electromagnetic waves. In the autumn of last year, Waseda
the university research mission searched for Dr. Ahmed Kadry, head of an Egyptian monuments organization using an electromagnetic wave method called an electromagnetic scanner. The Waseda University mission has been involved in exploration in Egypt for 20 years, thanks to the use of advanced research techniques. It has already been evaluated because 10 years ago, testing in Luxor, tombs and temples buried in the ground were identified before they were excavated, and we understood the remnants of contours that could not be excavated.
First, the Waseda University mission conducted an attempt at electrical research. Although Egypt is very dry, electrical research has not yielded any desired results. Another plan was that an artificial small explosion on a scale was used to measure the time period in which earthquake waves are produced that reach the measuring device, but this method is not possible because even a small explosion on a scale may have the potential to further damage the subject. object.
Another candidate was the gravity measurement used by the French team.

Gravity

Measurements are broken down as follows: ① absolute gravity measurement, ② accurate gravity measurement, and ③ gravity measurement deviations.

The measurement of gravity deviation is tested by the Waseda team in Japan and has had good results. And then the electromagnetic method, which was used to search for ancient tombs located in Nara, Japan, provides a good result. The electromagnetic sensor was approved as an underground survey tool by the Ministry of Construction in August 1986.

The Waseda University mission, which intended to use an electromagnetic scanner, encountered a report of a survey of the French team's pyramid in September 1986. Indeed, the French team was expected to achieve very good results. But the Waseda University mission thought there must be a more useful way. The application was handed over to the EAO for the use of the above-mentioned, current electromagnetic scanner, for measuring cavities found in the pyramid.

On 13. January 1987 was accepted by the EAO and Waseda University. The mission was allowed to use an electromagnetic scanner for pyramid exploration.

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(2) Member

The Waseda

Professor at Waseda

The members are:
We teamed up with an Egyptian mission led by Dr. Ahamed Kadry, President of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization, lists members on the last page, January 23, 1987.

From January 26, 1987, we searched for Khufe's ship, were told it existed, and explored the western part of the southern rock. Additionally, the Sphinx's perimeter was explored in January 27. The inner part of the pyramid was scanned from January 29 to January 31.1.1987, 1. We measure the passage leading to the Queen's Chamber, which was supposed to belong to the research facility, according to the French team, its floor and the four surrounding walls and the King's Chamber on February XNUMX. The stones and limestones needed for data processing were sampled and additional data were taken. This means that the research has been completed. The following are the details of our research.

(3) Testing

Devices brought from Japan to Egypt had to be tested to see how they react to Egyptian stones and limestone, underground radar - the scanner was modified in accordance with Japanese stones and limestone; also the dielectric constant of Egyptian stone and limestone had to be measured for calibration of the scanner. Testing was done in two directions:

① the pit was dug in the ground; metal wires, stoneware, ceramics, fabrics, wood, and paper, we re-buried 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m under the earth's surface, and the reflection of these objects was examined, available as pictures.

② the test was done to know to what extent electromagnetic waves can penetrate the layer of Egyptian limestone and granite (depth test); because the images of the cavities between the stones are observed; and how wide and how many cavities can be covered by the above research:
① was carried out in the desert 5 km south of the pyramid, limestone used for the above tests
② is a stone (having a mean height of 2 m, thickness 70 cm and width 3 m), which is part of the pit ceiling located east of the Chufu Ship Museum and serves as a granite stone that is part of the ceiling in the Great Hall leading to the Royal Chamber , and are the following results.

① Sand
The dielectric constant of the sand is suitable for scanning, which allows you to go to a depth of up to 12 meters, which needs to be covered. Among the things buried in the pit, the metal wire reacted to electromagnetic waves as in an experiment in Japan, and therefore could be identified. Earthenware could be searched for clearly, it has been shown that dishes buried in the ground can be identified before its excavation. The pottery caused a great reflection; it was found that the ceramic is observed as in the figure about twice as large as its actual shape. Wood, textiles and paper, buried XNUMX meter or even below the ground, were difficult to judge by simple processing.

② Limestone
The antenna was placed on the west side of the first stone (20 cm thick); the second stone (84 cm thick) is located 10 cm from the first stone; and a third stone (67 cm thick) was placed 5 cm from the second stone. Reflection was observed with the aluminum sheet placed on the east side of the first stone. Also on the western side of the first spaces, a reflection was observed. On the west side of the second stone, a gradually decreasing reflection was observed. On the eastern side of the third stone (2,66 m from the antenna), a much reduced reflection was observed, possibly due to flooding by the reflection. This fact must be said, because the dielectric constant of Egyptian limestone is 9,5 - 10), it is about twice as high as Japanese limestone. Egyptian limestone is heavier and more viscous because, when formed, it contained more foreign matter protein (proteinates are organically bound minerals such as iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese).

b) Testing from the eastern side was done in the same way. With the stones arranged as described above, the reflection could also be scanned on the eastern side of the third stone as described above. With a sheet of aluminum laid on the west side, a small reflection was observed because a large turbulent reflection on the eastern side of the third stone arose. Because the space becomes higher, the reflection can be sensed from a deeper point.

The test was carried out using a quantity of limestone (dropped from the pyramid) with a thickness of 1, 3 meter. Limestone provides a good response.

d) The final test was performed on real pyramid stones, arranged in a row of five stones (with an average thickness of about 1 -5,2 m), arranged in a row, only a very weak response was observed; eight stones, arranged in a row (8,9 m), no response was recorded. This tells us that the depth restriction applicable to the scanner is approximately 5 meters when the stones have been arranged in a row next to each other.

③ Granite

Neither a number of granite stones nor accumulated wide granites can be found outside the pyramid. So the test had to be performed in the King's chamber. The reflection was sensed by aluminum plates placed on the north side of the first stone and the south and north sides of the second stone, but only a very faint reflection was felt on the south side of the third stone, and no reflection was recorded on the north side of the third stone. This means that the dielectric constant of granite in Egypt is 6,7, which is almost the same as that of granite in Japan. Two types of granite are used for the pyramid.
One type is the Japanese Cniss, called a granite stone, which, when altered in quality, becomes reddish. This type of granite is used for the walls in the King's Chamber for its decoration.
Another type is blackened diorrhea. This type of granite is used for floors and sarcophagi. For magnetism, Egyptian granite, it is necessary to analyze, scientifically understand the magnitude of mineral sand magnetism, natural remanent magnetization. With the approval of the EAO, a small number of Egyptian granites were sampled, analyzed in Japan.

(4) Geological manifestations

The survey is general, and did not allow any accurate research. The following are significant characteristic manifestations:
① The foundation on which the pyramids were built, especially the ground on which the pyramid was built for King Chufeva, is a good foundation without cracks caused by disruption. The difference in the limestone rock level, located north of King Racheff, however, was not made by artificial but team-based, natural depression in the creation of the country as it runs north and south.
② The part consists of sandstone and the dark sedimentary rock shows the layer that was later elevated.
③ Limestone pieces stacked on the pyramid are hard and highly viscous.

Characteristic

Limestone is different from the one found on the site, which means that these pieces of limestone were brought from another place. (They are said to have been transported from a quarry called Tura, located on the opposite side of the Giza, where the Nile is crossed. However, this hypothesis cannot be confirmed due to the short period of time.)
④ The limestone used in the stepped pyramid, located in Sakkara, is different from that in Giza, and was apparently mined near the place (ie Sakkara).

We found some large dislocations in the soil - the soil in Giza, which faces north-west. The weight of the pyramid is applied to the bedrock at an angle of 45 degrees. This tells us that the dislocations were taken into account in the construction of the pyramid.

(5) Within the pyramid

①Process leading to the Queen's Chamber

The width of the corridor leading to the Queen's Chamber is 1,1 m, which did not allow the antenna to move normally. The antenna placed on a wooden board was pulled by ropes. The wooden board absorbs reflections on the surface, which provide good results. Future improvements to the device may include a wooden board at the bottom of the measuring line, located 25 cm from the east side wall of the corridor, and other measuring lines located 25 cm from the west side. The beginning (zero point) was determined by the difference in levels, it was located 20 meters from the Queen's Chamber, we moved the facility to the Great Passage over 26 m.
The cavity widens downwards from 2,5 to 3,0 meters. The bottom of the cavity has not been identified because it may expand further downwards or something exists at the bottom. Scanning of the cavity revealed that it contained sand. The eastern line provided a stronger response, and the western line assumed a weaker response. This shows us the high possibility that the cavity probably runs from the center to the west side of the wall. This point was the same where the French team drilled. Within a distance of 5 meters inside the side wall, neither a cavity nor an object was detected.

② Queen's chamber

Mesh measuring lines (four each) were placed on the floor for measurement. Within 5 meters underground, nothing but the stones cracked and sand was not felt. Measurement of the side wall 1 meter above the floor, assuming a response that indicates the presence of a cavity in the western part of the north wall. Here there is a stone from the surface up to 2 meters, followed by a cavity over 4 meters. However, it is stopped (stop) and the bottom cannot be determined properly, due to the stormy reflection, and thus its height could not be determined. Probably both, the upper and lower parts do not extend horizontally. The foundation of the ceiling wall is damaged considerably, possibly from a similar (such) expansion.

③ The Royal Chamber

Because the King's chamber is made of granite, the Japanese team, from the beginning, was concerned about the magnetic force and effect of hard granite. However, a test performed at the top of the passage leading to the King's chamber confirmed that its dielectric constant was normal (6,7); electromagnetic waves
penetrated granite better than limestone.
The floor (10 x 20 m) was examined. Four measuring lines were installed to the east and west, and eight measuring lines to the north and south, for survey. Down 5 meters underground, nothing but a few cracks and small insignificant cavities were found. Down to 2 m below the floor of the granite lies, under which limestone (A) with a thickness of 2 meters and limestone (B) with a thickness of 1,5 m lie, at the joint between (A) and (B) there are a number of joints, some of which are reinforced with mortar. No wall has been examined so far.

(6) Area south of pyramid

Here is Chufu's ship-shaft, which we were told to be the largest find after the Second World War. West of her, we were told that there was perhaps another Chufu's ship-shaft that was not identified. The measuring lines were built above the apparent pit to scan the site around. A stone covering it (with an average thickness of 1,7 m) was found. 3m or deeper under the ground, no clear images were observed. This is due to the turbulent reflection that comes from the objects on the bottom. Subjects may consist of a large assortment of materials.
The solar bar-shaft is about 30 meters in length and about 3 meters in width. 1.5 meters from the northern end is a 2 m cavity, which prevents its survey width.
The number of stone slabs that were not clearly displayed is not less than 20. In addition, five measuring lines were installed on the sidewalk for survey and near the pyramid.
A large number of cracks were found. Cracks could be caused by the weight of the pyramid, acting on the range of the rock. They range from 50 cm to 3 m and therefore do not affect the pyramid quickly. Third, 15 meters from the western end of the measuring line, a pit 3 m wide and 2 m long was found. The shaft extends downwards to 3-5 meters below the earth's surface, and appears to run under the pyramid. But it is not clear. The entire shaft is filled with sand, and the reason why the bottom was not identified is not understood. The shaft may be a tunnel, such as the one that extends from the outside under the pyramid. In any case, confirmation of such a hypothesis was beyond the power of the device.

(7) Area around the Sphinx

① Area south of the Sphinx

Seven measuring lines (electromagnetic scanner) were installed to the east and west, and four measuring lines to the north and south, to scan the Sphinx - over 70 m from east to west and over 10 meters from north to south. The base of the Sphinx contains more moisture than the pyramid. This is because the Sphinx is located closer to the underground stream. A response (electromagnetic scanner) was obtained, indicating that there is water from 2,5 to 3 m below the ground surface, near the southeastern front paw of the Sphinx. Grooves 2 m wide, 3 m deep and 2 m long were found on her body, which seem to extend to the lower part of the body. Vertical cracks were observed in the center of the southern rock. However, cracks do not seem to affect the subsoil.

② Area north of the Sphinx

Four measuring lines were installed east and west and five measuring lines to the north and south to scan the Sphinx - more than 60 meters from east to west and over 7 meters from north to south. The northern subsoil seems to contain more moisture than the southern subsoil. Vertical cracks, which are led east and west across the Sphin, were created naturally. On the body there is a groove similar to the one on the south side, which looks like it is extending under the body. So under the Sphinx there is a tunnel. Furthermore, near the front elbow, the geometric cavity (1m x 1,5m x 7m) has been found to contain metal or granite.

③ Area east of the Sphinx (near the front of the Sphinx)

The front of the Sphinx consists of pieces of limestone that have been arranged artificially and strengthened. Over time, pieces of limestone are arranged and consolidated and recessed in a planned manner. Initially, the team was concerned with research, such as turbulent reflection on the surface - it can interfere with the sensor. The measuring lines (including a grid of 10 rows each) were determined in meters to the east and west and to the north and south. A geometric cavity was found on the inside of both front legs (1,5 mx 3 m). The bottom was not clearly detected because there may be an unevenness or some objects at the bottom. The cavity appears to run from east to west toward the chest, but the offered granite table prevented exploration.
In the western part outside the sacrificial table, two measuring lines were installed for exploration east and west. The surface, which is not made of limestone and has a large amount of cracks, was measured incorrectly due to the strong turbulent response from it. A rough survey showed a high possibility of the cavity l to 2 m below the terrain surface. The cavity may be attached to the above cavity located at the front of the sphinx and may extend into the Sphinx.

However, if these cavities are separate, it is very likely that the former cavity located in the front of the sphinx is Sertab where the statue was installed.

Ⅱ. INVESTIGATION using electromagnetic waves

Shoji Tonouchi

(1) Goal

The purpose of this survey is to examine undiscovered corridors and cavities in the pyramids, other than rooms and corridors that have already been discovered so far, and to examine the discovered monuments that are buried underground around the pyramids. Because the pyramids are culturally important around the world, we argue that non-destructive research is an absolute condition. This means that in any case, a method that could damage the pyramids should not be used for research. Therefore, the seismic method of prospecting and drilling, vibrations, usually used for public research work, should not be used this time · For this purpose, an underground radar system (electromagnetic wave survey method) will be used this time.

7. Survey results

①Areal south of the Great Pyramid, the second ship

The measurement was performed where the second well was located. This showed a clear construction of the ceiling of stones, diameter 2 meters. Photos from the images displayed, and the result analyzed by a computer. They show the lid of the stone and the cave in which the second ship of Khufev is stored (see Fig. 51) reflects the joint of the stone lid, evident that it is a ship. Random reflections of impulses entered the gap between the two stones. We confirmed the reflection - it appeared from under the stones across the cave (Fig. 55).
Computer analysis of this reasoning confirmed that the bottom of the pit was about 4 m below the ground and above the bottom the thickness of the pile was 1 meter. The reflection scale confirms that this pile consists of parts that had a low degree of penetration, such as wood, rope, etc. Therefore, the possibility of the existence of a second boat in this area has become very high. By reading the reflectivity measure of the components that are located in the lower part of the pit, the length of about 30 m, has a low degree of reflection - the pile does not consist of serious things, because the pile was not composed of some metals, stones or other materials that have a high degree of reflection.
⑥The same 42 m from the end, southwest of this southern part of the Great Pyramid, there is a pit that is 8 meters in length and filled with sand. But it cannot be clearly measured, because the reflection from the bottom is very turbulent. So, it is not confirmed whether
the ship extends below the Great Pyramid, or not due to too strong a diffuse reflection. Because of this, it needs to be measured again, but there is a high probability that this pit will expand below the Great Pyramid.

② Area around the Sphinx

a) The northern side of the Sphinx

This place is located on the north side of the Sphinx, on the left elbow side, strong reflections approximately 2 meters deep and 12 meters long were detected, and these reflections in comparison with normal reflections were shown in Fig.53 and 54. In the drawing, measured by a computer are shown in Fig. 56. Photographs of this place from the image on the CRT were taken by measuring line B 18 in area B.

b) The Body of the Sphinx

The sandy part of the apparent ditch was recognized at this point in the photograph of this point - the picture and drawing, after calculation by computer, shown in Fig. 57 and on the measuring line B 17,16,15 in area B. The second part could not be found in depth, but it has been confirmed to be about 5 meters long.
The geometric cavity (dimensions not shown) was found west of the granite sacrificial table before the Sphinx; containing mixed harder materials than limestone, the specifics to be determined by computer analysis. This second cavity is assumed to have a direct connection with the preceding cavity.

Computer analyzes of the data tape recorder did not show a cavity - the exact result could not be determined due to the surface, which was too robust, and therefore the reflection was too complicated. Only the numerical value of 1,5 m deep and 3 m wide was confirmed. This part of the survey must be done again next time.

③ Inside the Great Pyramid (area C)

Both of them, the Royal Chamber and the Queen's Chamber, were examined in the pyramid. But when the recording device was transported to the pyramid, it was out of function for a few unknown reasons. Therefore, unfortunately, we must state that the computer analysis that was planned and was to be carried out in Japan could not be completed. You need to explore it again and analyze it using your computer. No further conclusion was made than the one previously announced on 2. February in Cairo. The following notification is the same as the previous one.

④ The existence of a cavity 2,5 meters - 3 m high (other dimensions not specified), west of the corridor leading to the Queen's Chamber, was confirmed, as well as the presence of a quantity of sand in the cavity, in agreement with the French, by microwave measurements. The actual dimensions of the sand content of the detected cavity shall be determined by computer analysis of the recorded data, which shall be completed by 15 April 1987; for this and the following subjects.

⑥ Scanning also revealed the existence of another cavity - behind the northwest wall of the queen's chamber. The cavity has a 1,5 meter height with an estimated depth of about 4 m.

(8) Microscopic Mineralogy

Four polished sections were examined under a microscope for the purpose of this investigation. · Micrographs of sandstone, diorite and limestone from the Giza plain are shown in Figures 58,59,60, 61, XNUMX and XNUMX.
In the granodiorite from the western side of the Khufu pyramids quartz, biotite, hornblend (blue green), plagioclase, magnetite and K-feldspar are recognized. K-feldspar shows a perthite texture, it is believed that this structure is made of sodium exsolution, feldspar in the process of cooling granodiorite. Magnetic minerals are thought to affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves, but granodiorite contained small amounts of magnetic minerals, namely, magnetite, and pyrmotite, titanomagnetite, and so on.
Calcium from plankton and benthic foramnifera is often observed in limestone from the Giza plains and foramnifera fossils are often found. Quartz and plagioclase are visible in some places from the cut. Limestone appears to be subject to strong recrystallization. Limestone stone from the Giza district contains quartz, plagioclase and limestone. Pumice total change to limestone has been observed, suggesting that volcanic activity occurred in the old days in the area. Sandstone is considered a calcareous lithic arenite.

(9) Powder X-ray diffraction studies

Limestone and sand from the Giza district were crushed to a powder and an acetone slurry was made on glass plates. The X-ray spectrum of each sample was recorded by continuous scanning at a rate of 2,20 / 3 / min, and the experiments were performed using a Ni-Cu filter, K and radiation and scintilation detected or mounted on a Phillios goniometer. The main limestone atoms are Ca, C, O, Si, P, Mn and Al. The minerals contained are calsite (CaCO2), calcium analsite B series (CaAl012.2Si, 20H7), scawtite (Ca3Co608.2Si20H2), pyroluzite series (MnO3), hydrogrossular (Ca2Al4SiO30CO3H), grossular (Ca2Al4SiO1), and graphite (C2. Most of them are calsite. The main sand minerals from the Queen's Passage Cave consist of Ca, C, O, P, Mn, A3, K, Na, OH, Fe and Mg, the rock minerals contained are quartz (SiO 2), calsite (CaCO3) tridimite (SiO 7 ), pyroxmangite (MnSiO2), graphite (C), braunite (MN3 SiO 7), vaterite (CaCO3), scawtite (Ca2Si Ol CO20 · 2H204), birnessite (MnO3), galaxite (MnAl65), cheap (Ca5036Al20Si ,,. 3 .HXNUMX) and wollastonite (CaSiOXNUMX), most of the sand consists of quartz. It is believed that this sand is different from the sand around the Cheops Pyramid, so it could be brought from anywhere.

Ⅲ. Survey, from the perspective of architectural history

(1) INTRODUCTION

Takeshi Nakagawa
Kazuaki Seki

Among the many architectural monuments existing in today's world, the Great Pyramid, which attracts the interest of people from all over the world, is one of the important epochs in the history of the human being. Its academic value, as a cultural asset, is certainly great. However, we believe that it is the way known and unknown, simplicity and complexity, familiarity and depth are interconnected beyond human knowledge and understanding that attracts so many people to this monument. Egyptian archaeological mission of Waseda University, which appreciates the understanding and cooperation of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization to be able to continue, in the last 20 years, in the research of ancient Egyptian culture. The team concluded that comprehensive research on the Great Pyramid was now needed, and based on a thorough review of the previous study and the questions arising from it, new studies and methods must be derived. We are interested in and respect the very substantial studies carried out by the French mission last year, in particular their hypotheses derived from structural analysis, and their research using advanced instruments. We also greatly appreciated the opportunity to participate in joint research with Egyptian, French and Japanese scientists. This is our report on a preliminary study, which is waiting for a comprehensive study in the future.

(2) Comments on the idea of ​​French architects

① Hypothesis about the overall composition of the Great Pyramid

The French mission presented to everyone, together with a structural analysis, the hypothesis that an overall system consisting of funeral plans and means to prevent thieves was the basis for the overall composition of the view of the Great Pyramid. This is excellent because it would lead to a comprehensive understanding of this structure. In the age of King Khufu, rationality is the way people's thoughts should follow and lead more strongly than in today's world. However, this is not the same as being ruled by rationalism. The idea of ​​death governs the ancient people of Egypt as if it were a real existence. Rationalism should not lead to an understanding of ancient Egypt. Therefore, we are more inclined to believe that the symbolism of the Great Pyramid is a more important factor.

② INPUT

As for the northern entrance - the symbolic arrangement of the masonry and the megalithic structure are the most important features. However, it is hard to believe that these suggest the existence of another hidden entrance - a non-horizontal corridor leading to the Great Gallery. On the contrary, these features seem to want to symbolically represent the main entrance. To reach the final conclusion, the study for architectural restoration supports the accurate measurements and surveys that are necessary.

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③ Masonry with straight joints in the horizontal corridor to the Queen's chamber

As French researchers have pointed out, brick walls do not usually have this type of joint. But this should not be taken as an indication of an unknown room or a hidden cavity. If we look at the wall located at the meeting point of the Great Gallery and the horizontal corridor, also with straight joints, it is obvious that this wall acts as a decorative rather than a structural element.
The horizontal corridor to the Queen's Chamber, which is a continuation of the wall above, was built with the same intent.

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④ "Unknown Room" located in the Northern King's Chamber

French researchers have suggested that there is an "Unknown Room", north of the King's Chamber. They assumed that the "Davisons Room" was built to protect this "Unknown Room," and pointed out that an unbalanced force had cracked the beams. However, if we call the megalithic masonry of the northern entrance, it is reasonable to say that similarly gigantic masonry was built to protect the King's Chamber and the Grand Gallery, two very important and heavily loaded spaces inside the pyramid. In addition, in addition to these design reasons, it is important to realize the invisible symbolic meaning carried by this structure. Also at the top of the "Davison Room", we confirmed the distortion on the beam caused by the stress exerted in a direction that contradicts what the French mission pointed out. Accurate measurement of the entire room and long-term monitoring, with an emphasis on structural elements, are essential.

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⑤ Large gallery

The French mission assumes that the Great Gallery was divided into two levels, supported by wooden columns, beams and slabs, thus providing a way to access the secret room. Here attention should be paid to projections in the middle of the walls on both sides. These projections were added at a time when the construction was already completed, in order to regulate the slope of the wall. It is possible, even even, the insertion of wooden beams and boards here, but not pillars, as the representatives of the French mission show us in the restoration sketch. On the other hand, we believe a skilled masonry system, precision in construction and finishing work, and a very unique spatial composition, are the most distinctive features. This is a very dramatic space in this symbolic monument, with contemplated intent and conscious skill. We find a rising ramp with window sills resembling a temple staircase, chosen for lamps or decorated pillars that are rhythmically repeated, and a huge volume of surrounding space dynamically connected. It is the "path of Pharaoh", opened abruptly, after passing a long and narrow corridor. The symbolic effect must be at its peak here.

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(3) Historical development of Egyptian pyramids and symbolic character
The Great Pyramids of Chufu.

① Stage pyramid complex

We would like to draw attention to the following features of the stepped pyramidal Zoser complex in Sakkara.
For this monument, the development process from the mastaba to the tiered pyramid can be traced through several additions and changes. The original mastaba was expanded and layered until it grew into a vertical, stepped pyramid, which we can see today.

⑥ Inside the high enclosure wall, the large rectangular precincts, there are many different kinds of "fake" buildings. This simulakra (in fact it is not architecture, but sculpture) assembled the entire burial ground for the dead king.
Within the campus, the Stepped Pyramid itself is not an isolated symbolic object. It is integrated into the overall composition, responding symbolically to other parts such as the Grand Court, the Upper and Lower Egypt Pavilions, and the festive space for HB-SD, etc.

② Moving to the "real" pyramid and the Great Pyramid

There were several trial-and-error trials between the tiered pyramid and the "real" pyramids. The Pyramid in Meidum collapsed during construction. The Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid in Dahsur failed to achieve a steep slope and a true pyramid shape. Pyramid building technology reached its peak with the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, which was the end result of all the knowledge gained in previous experiments.

⑥ The Great Pyramid stands as a symbolic object, with its seemingly crystal perfection of form and massive volume. Its uniqueness is also enhanced by the complexity of the interior spaces, such as the labyrinth, and the precise skill with which such a sophisticated design concept was implemented.
Other structures, such as the Valley Temple, the Long Barrier, the Dome Temple and the Fence Wall belong to the main pyramid and were built to improve it.

③ Pyramids during the Middle Kingdom

After the Mentunetep burial temple in Dér el Bahari was restored, we could see a completely formalized state of the pyramidal superstructure.

⑥ This small pyramid was the central point of the superstructure, built on the top of the platform with a pillar facade. Behind the pyramid lies the courtyard and the gallery and the passage that goes down into the underground chamber.

@ The whole monument is a symbolic or ritual tomb rather than a real grave for the momentous burial. The pyramid in this monument works only as a king's tomb.

④ Symbolic character of the Great Pyramid

By studying the historical evolution of the Egyptian pyramids, we can realize that the pyramids have undergone a transformation similar to the "stupas" of the Orient. Originally the stupas were a grave containing the bones of Buddha, but eventually evolved into the symbolic structure of pagodas of Buddhist temples.
In connection with historical development, the Great Pyramid is unique because the composition of the burial structure, we can say, has several symbolic hints.

(4) The position of the pyramid-burial site

Looking at the location, axis, and orientation of the Sphinx, the Valley Temple of King Chefrén and the Causeway, we can assume that the Great Pyramid of King Cheops and the 2nd Pyramid of King Chefrén were positioned according to the deliberate planning of the entire region, the Pyramid Burial Site. Pyramids and surrounding areas should be examined from the perspective of regional planning.
The Sphinx was considered a structure associated with King Chefren's pyramid as a symbol of the protective deity. This view, however, does not allow us to understand the meaning of the Lion Sphinx, nor why the dyke and the central axis through the Sphinx intersect in such a strange way.

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To explain these points, we have come up with the idea of ​​centrally planning the construction of sites around the Sphinx.

① Before building the pyramid of King Cheops, the Sphinx was built for some reason. The location of the pyramid of King Cheops was determined with regard to the future arrangement of a series of pyramids around the Sphinx. Here are two axes that intersect at a point of great significance: one running east to west, symbolizing the path of the Sun god, and the other connecting the northwest and southeast corners of King Chufu's pyramid. Pyramid planning, necropolis (Figure 72).

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② As for the close interconnection of the pyramids of King Chufu and King Chefrén, a point is established where the extended line passes through the north-western and south-eastern corners of the Pyramid of Chufu and meets in front in the center of the Sphinx. The King Chefren pyramid is aligned directly west of this point. The funeral path is conveniently located. (Fig.73)

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The diagram above should reveal the outline of a pyramid-burial ground that stretches southwest of the Giza Plateau.

(5) Architectural structure and unknown cavities

① Unusual cracks and pressure on the beams of the “Davison Chamber” indicate the existence of fragile masonry or free space in the southwest of the King's Chamber. (fig.68)

② The empty spaces, including the King's and Queen's Chambers, the Great Gallery, the horizontal and ascending corridors and part of the descending corridor, are not centrally located, but deviate towards the east. The pyramid basically rests on the balance between masonry and emptiness, so the unknown room is probably situated to the southwest of the central axis. The French mission assumes the number of l / 10.000 empty spaces from the total volume of the pyramid. This is, of course, unacceptable, and does not seem to take into account the balance between mass and voids.
A series of steps, including a more accurate knowledge of known spaces as a whole, hypothetical unknown spaces using a non-objective differential gravimeter, and ultimately confirmation of the above-mentioned electromagnetic wave survey method are necessary.

③ The large gallery goes beyond the usual craftsmanship, both in terms of stone processing and spatial organization. It is difficult to categorize it as a weight bearing structural masonry. Moreover, this impressive masonry canopy is repeated, suggestively, in a niche on the eastern side of the queen's chamber · If it is assumed to be a system of symbolic masonry, it would explain why the empty spaces are concentrated in the center of the structure.

Complex organization of internal spaces is a peculiarity of this pyramid of King Chufu, and should be possible because this part of the pyramid, protected in the overall construction system, was built almost without enormous load.

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(6) Conclusion

Our preliminary investigation of the pyramids from the point of view of architectural history has shown that next time they should be included in a comprehensive study:

① Accurate and detailed measurement of the entrance and surroundings, Great gallery and
the upper part of the Royal Chamber.

② Long-term (2 years), monitoring the direction of stress on the components in the upper section of the Royal Chamber, using an automatic distortion meter.

③ The new pyramid research in Giza from a Necropolis perspective.

④ A comprehensive and comparative study of pyramid history.

Ⅳ Archaeological research

Sakuji Yoshimura

For both archeology and architecture is a pyramid treasure, a house that provides a wealth of information for study, but the achievements provided by archeology can not be demonstrated without examining architecture, the pyramid provides a lot of information about stone arrangements, internal layout of stones how to prevent the weight from having a negative effect on the soil, etc.
At present, the focus of the pyramid is mostly on the presence of its cavities. A French researcher, based on his calculations using a microgravimetric technique, states that 15 percent or more of the pyramid is occupied by cavities. In the past, the pyramid was considered to be filled with stones, and there was no data that would contradict this hypothesis. Only the King's Chamber, the Grand Passage, the Queen's Chamber and the Passage, including Davison's room, which had been discovered earlier, have so far been recognized as cavities inside the pyramid. Underground rooms are not considered pyramid cavities. Discussions about other cavities have been limited by the possibility of the presence of no more than one or two chambers: the chamber where the actual royal mummies are located and the chamber that stores the funeral accessories. But the number of cavities 15 percent explodes as a hypothesis. Dr. Takeshi Nakagawa, Professor of Science and Technology, Waseda University, whose subject is the history of architecture, states at
based on its calculation that the currently known cavities occupy no more than 1 percent of the total volume of the pyramid. These known cavities, plus the play created during the laying of the stones, increase the occurrence of cavities to no more than 3 percent. This suggests that the pyramids may contain other cavities five or more times as large as known cavities; A pyramid is like a honeycomb. Since the pyramid cannot be incoherent, there is no other method of exploration than using the advanced technique we used to study the interior of the pyramid. Reflection was used in the research this time, measuring electromagnetic waves by penetration, which can cover a depth of 150 m, will allow the general structure inside the pyramid to be identified. The pyramid was first searched by a team from Stanford University using cosmic rays. In l970 they explored the pyramid using cosmic rays. The results of their research have not been recognized to date, due to technology.

Although there were problems, in reliability, with a cavity frequency of 15 percent, this figure was presented by the French team and shocks the whole world. Leading classical scholars oppose this proposal, arguing that there are no other chambers and cavities in the pyramid.

But Prof. Dr. Nakagawa says what worries him. It is the presence of the Royal Chamber, the Great Passages, the Queen's Chamber, and the passage that are found today, eccentrically east of the pyramid center. The presence of cavities in the eastern part only conflicts with structural considerations. The fact, the proof that Davis's room is stretched eastward, says the western part may be lighter, and thus contains more cavities.

What cavities and those that would be found in the future, what is their nature? That's hard to say. One of the two cavities found in the Queen's chamber contains sand, and the other cavity may not contain anything, so there may be a relationship between the two cavities. The ancient Egyptians knew about earthquakes; Thus, a cavity filled with sand can present its structure as evidence of an earthquake. And another idea is that the slabs on the steep truss of the roof must be supported by sand. No sands were found at this location. Another idea is that these cavities are passages for bringing funeral accessories and after this transport they were filled with sand. Canceled only now that the cavities filled with sand are located under the floor of the Queen's Chamber. This gives us the opportunity to consider that they may be a receiver for sand.

The cavity in the King's Chamber is located on the west side, symmetrically to the second cavity, with respect to the passage leading from the Great Passage to it. Its width, height, depth cannot be understood clearly; however, three hypotheses were presented. The first hypothesis is that the cavity extends horizontally, parallel to the eastern passage, in this case, where could the cavity go? Although his hypothesis satisfies the symmetrical structure of the Egyptian building, the structure of the starting point cannot be understood. The second hypothesis is that the cavity is decreasing. If this is the case, the cavity may be connected to a passage filled with sand, which was found by the French team and marked by the Japanese team. This may play a role for the sand pipe used in the manufacture of the ceiling of the Queen's Chamber. The result of the scanning of the pyramid shows that at the wall, the stones are stacked 1.5 meters above the floor in the King's chamber. Some researchers claim that the descending corridor leads to an unknown chamber for the king. But it would be unreasonable for such an important chamber to be built near the surface.

The third hypothesis is that the cavity rises. The hypothesis is based on the assumption that in the western part the possible structure is similar and symmetrical with the King's Chamber, the Great Passage and the Queen's Chamber. It has only been found now, respects the center of the pyramid, and is based on the theory of the double structure of the pyramid. It was adopted by researchers who claim that the cavity rises at a certain distance, turns west in a right angle,
descends to the south, reaching the second Queen's chamber. No other information has been obtained because the equipment used by the Japanese team can only cover the depth up to 5 meters. If the device was able to cover the depth up to 10 m, the new cavity can be found behind the other walls. This also applies to the Royal Chamber.

The penetration method should be used to study sites 10 meters or deeper below the earth's surface. The Japanese team started designing a lighter, weight Mark II, which is able to generate increased output with different wavelengths. Mark II has the following tasks:

① The length, depth and width of the cracks around the pyramid space in Giza are examined and will check if it will also be able to support pyramids in the future.

② The polariscop is installed on a steep roof roof of the Davison room to measure the tensile force and its direction to determine the direction in which the large pyramid is stretched and the degree of stretching.

③ Water content in the subsoil on which the Sphinx is built. It is explored in order to understand its effects on the Sphing.

④ measurement with simple instruments using laser light is used to specify incorrectly measured data on the inside of the pyramid and cavities currently known,

⑤As the ones in the pyramid, including a pit south of the pyramid, newly found cavities,

⑥ a wooden boat existing inside a pit that lies beside the Khufu ship,

@ a tunnel likely running north and south under the body of the Sphinx, and

④ a cavity located under the front of the sphinx, and it seems that the materials and dimensions of the products contained in the cavities are identified and detailed.

Any method other than electromagnetic wave technology cannot be used as the research method. It remains the highest class in research, including the Pyramids and the Sphinx, which cannot be easily excavated.

The better performance of the research facility will allow access to the inside of the pyramid and the Sphinx without damaging them.

 

Survey space under the Sphing

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