How did people communicate in Western Europe in the Middle Ages? Which language? Greek or Hebrew did not know the vast majority of the population of Western Europe. Latin was the privilege of a small number of priests, and traditional history says that the Latin collage had disappeared at that time, long ago. Contemporary European languages ​​have not existed yet.

Contemporary German linguist F. Stark claims that the official language of Europe from London to Riga in the middle of the 15th century was the language of the Hanseatic Union - "Central German", which was then replaced by another language, "Upper German", the reformer Martin Luther.

Nonetheless, Dieter Forte, leaning on documents, tells that in 1519, at the first meeting of then nineteen-year-old King Charles I, the future Emperor Charles V. Habsburg and his grandfather Frederick Saxon, there was neither German nor Spanish, nor even French . Nor is it Latin. And how then?
The same Charles was then regarded as a polyglot in his adult age, and he is credited with this winged statement: "I speak with God in Spanish, with men in French, with women in Italian, with friends in German, with goose Polish, with Hungarian horses and with devils." The statement contains very interesting information. First, Charles mentions a lonely European language such as Hungarian, whilst completely ignoring English. Second, Karel feels the difference between the nearby Slavic languages ​​such as Polish and Czech. And if we realize that the term Hungarian language in Europe was still understood as Slovak in the 18th century, then Charles may appear to be an expert in Slavonic studies!

Or another story. In 1710 the Swedish King Charles XII. besieged in his residence in Bendera by Turkish janitors, went out to them in the barricades and his flaming speech (the translator is not talking!) was convinced 15 minutes to go to his side. What language was he talking about?

The current linguists of the official current talk about a single one Indo-European prazazyk. They create a language tree, emerging from living and dead branches in an attempt to reconstruct a common root hidden in the darkness of centuries. At the same time, the causes of one or another branch of the tree are sought in historical events, which, of course, would be fine if traditional chronology were not maintained.

An especially popular argument for these linguists is then sanskrt, with the oldest idea about it appearing in 17. century. Watching this trace will lead us to a clear conclusion: that Sanskrit is a medieval product of missionaries - and nothing more.

So let's go back to our proven old known - Encyclopedia Britannica (1771). One of the most widely used languages ​​in 18. century includes two: language Arabic a Slavic, which includes not only the current languages ​​of the Slavic group, but also the language of the Corinthians: the population of the peninsula of the Peloponnese spoke in Slavic language - the Macedonian dialect.

Documents from the Roman Catholic Church, especially the Tour Council, show that the vast majority of the population of Italy (as well as Alsace and other countries) until the 16th century spoke the so-called "rustico romano“, In which the Council also recommended preaching, because Latin parishioners did not understand.
And what's that rustico romano?

It is not Latin, as it is possible to think of the meaning of this name. Rustico is a language Vandals, That is Baltic-Slavic (-Germany) language, sometimes also called pan-European Arian, Gothic or also etrusko-vandalský, whose vocabulary is partly contained in the book by Maura Orbini published in 1606 (4). It is known that the word 'rustica' in the Middle Ages meant not only 'rough', 'country', but also a book in leather - sapphire (ie Persian or Russian production). This language is the closest Croatian today.

Why Etruscan-Vandal? According to the traditional history of northern Italy in the 7th-4th century BC, the Etruscans (otherwise the Tusks), whose culture had a tremendous influence on the "ancient Roman". But "tysk" in Swedish means "german", jute - "danish" and rysk - "russian". Tyski or jute-ryski, they are also Γέται Ρύσσι Lívia or Arsi-etae Ptolemaia - so they are the legendary Etruscans, Balto-Slavic-Teutonic origin. In book Latin, the phrase "Etruscan non legatur" is not read. But in the middle of the 19th century, Tadeuš Volanský and A. Čertkov independently read dozens of Etruscan inscriptions by using contemporary works Slavic languages.

The Greek-Roman branch of rustica, the same pan-European Arian language, under the name grego was transported with the first wave of Portuguese conqistas to Brazil, where it was still in 17. century catechism to the Indians of the Tupi-Guarani tribe served exclusively in this language because they understood it, but the Portuguese 17. century - no!

A special place among European languages ​​occupies inscription. It is assumed that this is an artificially created linguistic construct that originated in southern Europe from the original rustica for the significant influence of the Judeo-Hellenic language (Mediterranean-speaking Greek) in both vocabulary and sound form. Geographically, its origins can be found in the Iberian peninsula and southern France.

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent separation of the western part of the continent from Byzantium, the latinization of all the emerging European languages ​​began to take place.

When and why the original common language began to be divided into national languages ​​- or in the words of the Bible: When did the languages ​​become confused? National languages ​​are starting to form around 16. century, although some countries have started to do so much earlier (eg in the Czech Republic). However, the impetus to stratify the common European language was not just the crash of Constantinople, as is generally argued, but it was far earlier: the primary and the most serious cause was marked climate change and plague epidemics in 14. century. Rapid cooling has resulted in disastrous long-lasting malnutrition in the Northwest regions of the continent, and the population of the affected areas suffered from a chronic lack of vitamin C; as a result, the large groups of the population were affected kurdějemi. Children whose teeth looked before they could grow back could not make the sounds they were involved in, and their speech apparatus was forced to rebuild for at least somewhat understandable pronunciation of the simplest words. This is the real cause of significant phonetic changes in areas where scurvy raged! The sounds corresponding to d, t, th, s, z “looked” together with the teeth, and from the scurvy the swollen gums and tongue could not speak the connection of the two consonants. The French circonflexes over vowels testify silently. Voices made up of the tip of the tongue, such as r, were forcibly imitated by the throat.

In addition to the territory of France, the pronunciation was also severely affected in the British Isles, Germany and partly also in Poland. Where there was no shortage - in Russia, the Baltics, Ukraine, Slovakia, Bohemia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Italy and further south - phonetics did not suffer. So much for the audio aspect of European languages.

In terms of vocabulary, the total fund of all European languages ​​(excluding Ugrofin, Turkish, and other borrowing) currently contains about 1000 keywords (not including the Latin international words 17.-20.st) belonging to about 250 common root groups. The vocabulary based on these root groups covers practically everything necessary for full communication, including all plot and state verbs. (If this was what Zamenhof knew, he did not have to invent Esperanto: it would be enough to brush the rustico.)

And so we can summarize that (notwithstanding the number of dialects created in the time of the plague and the scurvy in the 14.-15 century, which have become the basis of a number of contemporary European languages) still in 16. century hay throughout Europe, spoke the common language most likely to have been rustic (and not Latin).

In Encyclopedia Britannica, we also find a wonderful language analysis that describes the situation as seen by linguists at 18. century. Contemporary Romance Languages ​​- French a Italian - they are included in the barbaric gothic language (góthic), only a little "tempered by Latin", and they speak of their complete analogy with gothic.

Jako Spanish the language (castellano) of the encyclopedia calls virtually pure Latin, comparing it with "barbaric" French and Italian. (Do contemporary linguists know about this?)

O German or the other languages ​​of the Germanic group, understood today as related to the Gothic, and more so about any kinship of English to the Gothic language is not in the encyclopedia of the end of 18. century or mention!

And how is it with English? Own English the language that this encyclopedia regards as a synthetic one (which was created artificially), which included Greek and Latin as well as the previous Anglo-Saxon language (the connection with the existing Saxon dialect of the German language has been completely ignored since the beginning of the 16 century.) It is well known that in England was in 12. - 14. century official French, and prior to that it was Latin. English has become the official language in the British Isles only in 1535, French in France in 1539.

Important facts offer us in this regard Great Oxford Dictionary (Webster). In addition to traditional interpretation and etymology, every word is accompanied by the date when it first appeared in written sources. The dictionary is unconditionally acknowledged, although the amount of data contained in it is inconsistent with the current version of world history. It is easy to see that the entire "ancient" cycle appeared in English in the mid-16th century, as did the very concept of antiquity: Caesar in 1567, August 1664, for example. The Englishmen cannot be said to be indifferent to world history. On the contrary, the British were the first to study antiquity on a scientific basis. However, the appearance of the term "Golden Age" or the basic concepts of classical antiquity such as Vergilius, Ovidius, Homer or Pindaros only in 1555 suggests that these names were previously unknown to the English.

Islamic terms have emerged in 17. century. Concept pyramid in the middle of the 16th century. The first astrological catalog Ptolemaia Almagest, which is the basis of contemporary chronology, began to be known in the 14th century. All of this is in stark contrast to traditional historiography! However, there are many more prosaic terms in this dictionary, which are no less significant for English history. For example, it is well known how popular horses are in England and how they pay attention to their breeding. Derby is something of a national treasure. The British Encyclopedia of 1771 dedicates the whole extensive article to something as important to them as farrierism ("Farriеry"). The introduction to the article emphasizes that this is "the first expert summary of veterinary information on horses existing at that time". It mentions the widespread illiteracy of the 'healers' dealing with horses, who often cripple horses to thank them. Nevertheless, the word "farrier" in English appears in Webster's dictionary only in the 15th century, even as if borrowed from French (ferrieur). And this term refers to a profession absolutely necessary for the movement of a horse! And now you can choose: either by the time of Henry Tudor in England there were no horses, or they were not steeped. (Or did not speak English…)

And one more example. The word “chisel” refers to a tool that cannot be used by a carpenter or a locksmith's craft, but still appears in the dictionary in the 14th century! The Swedish and Norwegian words 'kisel', which is pronounced almost the same as the English chisel, mean - primitive flint instruments. So, what discovery of Roger Bacon in the 13th century can be mentioned when technical culture was at the Stone Age level?

Their excellent sheep could be sheared by the English only from the 14th century, using a primitive tool in the form of an iron belt, which they called "shears" (at this time the word "shearing tool" appears) and not "modern" scissors became known in England in the 15th century!

90% of the vocabulary of contemporary English (with the exception of later international words) are firstly words related to Balto-Slavic-Germanic with clearly related phonetics and semantics, and secondly words related to - again Balto-Slavic-Germanic, but which have gone through medieval by Latinization (“romanisation”).

Now, take that from the second half of 20. century is an attempt to attract mainly Americans instead of the basic international language!

Taking into account what has been written above, it is quite amusing that in English-speaking countries, the concept of pan-European language of civilization from rustics has actually translated into its own - English. They (the only ones in the world!) Believe that a civilized person differs from the barbarian at any point of the Earth with the knowledge of English, and they are somewhat confused when they find it is not ...